I was sifting my way through Game of Thrones, and feeling suitably medieval, I embarked on a quest to find some old-school regimes. This article outlines an early alternative to either German empirical rule or rule by the papal states for the cities of Northern Italy in the 11th through 13th Century. These so-called communes were responsible for the economic growth that Northern Italy enjoyed. Communes had elected leaders arranged in a type of council and they got so powerful that the Pope had no choice but to acknowledge their existence and accept that these city states were now an integral part of Italy.
Its under the 'Communes in Italy 11th - 13th Century AD' heading...
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=fwd
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